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Building Information = Modeling

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Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of = generating and=20 managing building data during its life cycle^[1].=20 Typically it uses three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic building = modeling=20 software to increase productivity in building design and = construction.[2]=20 The process produces the Building Information Model (also abbreviated = BIM),=20 which encompasses building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic=20 information, and quantities and properties of building = components.

1 Origins of = BIM=20
2 Definition=20
3 Additional=20 Resources=20
4 Anticipated = future=20 potential=20
5 BIM in the = USA=20
- 5.1 Contractors=20
6 See = also=20
7 References=20
8 External = links=20

[edit]=20 Origins of BIM

One theory claims that Professor Charles M. Eastman at Geo= rgia=20 Institute of Technology coined the term ^[3].=20 This theory is based on a view that the term Building Information = Model=20 is basically the same as Building Product Model, which Professor = Eastman=20 has used extensively in his book ^[4]=20 and papers since the late 1970s. ('Product model' means 'data model' or=20 'information model' in engineering.)

Nevertheless, it is agreed upon that the term was popularized by = Jerry=20 Laiserin ^[5]=20 as a common name for a digital representation of the building process to = facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital = format.=20 According to him^[6]=20 and others^[7],=20 the first implementation of BIM was under the Virtual Building = concept by=20 Graphisoft's ArchiCAD, in its=20 debut in 1987.

[edit]=20 Definition

Building information modeling covers geometry, spatial relationships, = geographic information, quantities and properties of building components = (for=20 example manufacturers' details). BIM can be used to demonstrate the = entire=20 building life cycle including the processes of construction and = facility=20 operation. Quantities and shared properties of materials can easily be=20 extracted. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined. Systems, = assemblies, and=20 sequences are able to be shown in a relative scale with the entire = facility or=20 group of facilities.

BIM is a process which goes far beyond switching to a new software. = It=20 requires changes to the definition of traditional architectural phases = and more=20 data sharing than most architects and engineers are used to.

BIM is able to achieve such improvements by modeling representations = of the=20 actual parts and pieces being used to build a building. This is a = substantial=20 shift from the traditional computer = aided=20 drafting method of drawing with vector file based lines that combine = to=20 represent objects.

The interoperability requirements of construct= ion=20 documents include the drawings, procurement = details,=20 environmental conditions, submittal processes and other specifications = for=20 building quality. It is anticipated by proponents that BIM can be = utilized to=20 bridge the information loss associated with handing a project from = design team,=20 to construction team and to building owner/operator, by allowing each = group to=20 add to and reference back to all information they acquire during their = period of=20 contribution the BIM model. For example, a building owner may find = evidence of a=20 leak in his building. Rather than exploring the physical building, he = may turn=20 to his BIM and see that a water valve is located in the = suspect=20 location. He could also have in the model the specific valve size, = manufacturer,=20 part number, and any other information ever researched in the past, = pending=20 adequate computing power.

There have been attempts at creating a BIM for older, pre-existing=20 facilities. They generally reference key metrics such as the Facility = Condition=20 Index, or FCI. The=20 validity of these models will need to be monitored over time, because = trying to=20 model a building constructed in, say 1927, requires numerous assumptions = about=20 design standards, building codes, construction methods, materials, etc., = and=20 therefore is far more complex than building a BIM at time of initial = design.

The Am= erican=20 Institute of Architects has further defined BIM as "a model-based = technology=20 linked with a database of project information"^[1], and this reflects the general = reliance on=20 database technology as the foundation. In the future, structured text = documents=20 such as specifications = may be=20 able to be searched and linked to regional, national, and international=20 standards.

[edit]=20 Additional Resources

BOOKS

BIG BIM little bim
Published October 2007
Written by Finith = Jernigan,=20 AIA
I= SBN=20 978-0-979-56990-6

Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction = Projects=20 with 4D CAD and Simulations
Published April 2008
Written by Willem = Kymmell
I= SBN=20 978-0-071-49453-3

BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, = Managers,=20 Designers
Published March 2008
Written by Chuck Eastman, Paul = Teicholz,=20 Rafael Sacks, and Kathleen Liston
I= SBN=20 978-0-470-18528-5

VIDEOS

Thoughts on BIM by John Stebbins, CEO, Digital Vision Automation http://www.digitalvis.com/bim/

[edit]=20 Anticipated future potential

BIM is currently employed by professionals on all building types from = the=20 simplest warehouse to many of the most complex new buildings, BIM design = method=20 is currently young in its development.

BIM provides the potential for a virtual information model to be = handed from=20 Design Team (architects, surveyors, consulting=20 engineers, and others) to Contractor and Subcontractors and then to = the=20 Owner, each adding their own additional discipline-specific knowledge = and=20 tracking of changes to the single model. The result greatly reduces the=20 information loss that occurs when a new team takes "ownership" of the = project as=20 well as in delivering extensive information to owners of complex = structures far=20 beyond that which they are currently accustomed to having.

BIM can greatly decrease errors made by design team members as well = as the=20 construction team (Contractors and Subcontractors) by allowing the use = of=20 conflict detection where the computer actually informs team members = about parts=20 of the building in conflict or clashing, and through detailed computer=20 visualization of each part in relation to the total building. As = computers and=20 software become more = capable of=20 handling more building information, this will become even more = pronounced than=20 it is in current design and construction projects. This error reduction = is a=20 great part of cost savings realized by all members of a project. = Reduction in=20 time required to complete construction directly contributes to the cost = savings=20 numbers as well. It's important to realize that this decrease can only = be=20 accomplished if the models are sufficiently developed in the Design = Development=20 phase.

gbXML=20 is an emerging schema, a subset of the Building Information Modeling = efforts,=20 focused on green building design and operation.

[edit]=20 BIM in the USA

[edit]=20 Contractors

The Asso= ciated=20 General Contractors and contracting firms also have developed a = variety of=20 working definition of BIM which describe it generally as "an = object-oriented=20 building development tool that utilizes 5-D modeling concepts, = information=20 technology and software interoperability to design, construct and = operate a=20 building project, as well as communicate its details.

Although the concept of BIM and relevant processes are being explored = by=20 contractors, architects and developers alike, = the term=20 itself is under debate^[8],=20 and it is yet to be seen whether it will win over alternatives, which=20 include:

Virtual=20 Building Environment (VBE)=20
Virtual = Building=20
BuildingSMART=20
Integrated=20 Practice=20
Vir= tual=20 Design and Construction (VDC)

BIM is often associated with IFCs (Industr= y=20 Foundation Classes) and aecXML, which are data = structures=20 for representing information used in BIM. IFCs were developed by the International=20 Alliance for Interoperability. There are other data structures which = are=20 proprietary, and many have been developed by CAD firms that are now=20 incorporating BIM into their software. One of the earliest examples of a = nationally approved BIM standard is the AISC (American=20 Institute of Steel Construction)-approved CIS/2 standard, a non = proprietary=20 standard with its roots in the UK.

Proponents claim that BIM offers:

Improved visualization=20
Improved productivity due to easy retrieval of information=20
Increased coordination of construction documents=20
Embedding and linking of vital information such as vendors for = specific=20 materials, location of details and quantities required for estimation = and=20 tendering=20
Increased speed of delivery=20
Reduced costs

In August 2004 the US National Institute of Standards and Technology = (NIST)=20 issued a report entitled "Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability = in the=20 U.S. Capital Facilities Industry" (NIST GCR 04-867 (PDF), which came to the conclusion = that, as a=20 conservative estimate, $15.8 billion is lost annually by the U.S. = capital=20 facilities industry resulting from inadequate interoperability due to = "the=20 highly fragmented nature of the industry, the industry=E2=80=99s = continued paperbased=20 business practices, a lack of standardization, and inconsistent = technology=20 adoption among stakeholders".

[edit]=20 See also

^[9]

[edit]=20 References

^=20 Lee, G., Sacks, R., and Eastman, C. M. (2006). Specifying parametric = building=20 object behavior (BOB) for a building information modeling system. = Automation=20 in Construction, 15(6), 758-776.=20
^=20 Holness, Gordon V.R. "Building Information Modeling Gaining Momentum." = ASHRAE=20 Journal. Pp 28-40. June 2008.=20
^=20 Yessios, C.I. Are We Forgetting Design? AECbytes Viewpoint #10 2004, = http://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2004/issue_10.html=20
^=20 Eastman, C.M., Building Product Models: Computer Environments = Supporting=20 Design and Construction. 1999, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press=20
^=20 Laiserin's explanation of why 'BIM' should be an = industry=20 standard-term=20
^=20 Graphisoft on BIM=20
^=20 Building Information Modeling Two Years Later = =E2=80=93Huge Potential,=20 Some Success and Several Limitations=20
^=20 Discussion of the BIM acronym=20
^=20 BIM applications on top of IntelliCAD: the IDEA BIM Architectural

[edit]=20 External links

What is = BIM? - by=20 Professor Charles M. Eastman, Director of AEC Integration Lab at = Georgia Tech.=20
Managing BIM Technology in the Building Industry - = AECbytes=20 Viewpoint #35: February 12, 2008=20
AECbytes - = Analysis, Research=20 and Reviews of AEC Technology=20
Developing the US National BIM Standard - = BuildingSMART=20 (NIBS)=20
CIS/2 - = CIS/2 is=20 the file exchange format that facilitates BIM for structural steel=20
GSA National BIM = Program -=20 National 3D-4D BIM Program by the U.S. GSA (Gen= eral=20 Services Administration)=20
[2]=20 - A description of BIM or Parametric Solid Modeling on the website of = Feature=20 Factory Design Build, an architectural fabricator.=20
Overview of Parametric Objects - An overview of = parametric=20 objects for BIM by Dennis Neeley, AIA=20
[3] - = American Society of=20 Professional Estimators

v =E2=80=A2 d =E2=80=A2 e Building = Information=20 Modeling

Full Building Information Modeling=20 Packages	Graphisoft=20 ArchiCAD \| Bentley=20 Architecture \| Tekla=20 Structures \| Graphisoft=20 Constructor \| Autodesk=20 Revit \| Nemetschek=20 N.A. VectorWorks Architect \| GRAITEC=20 Advance

Building Information Modeling = Compatible=20 Packages	Data Design=20 System \| NavisWorks=20 JetStream \| CodeB= ook=20 by Project Blueprint \| RoomData=20 by Project Blueprint

Building Information Modeling Related = Topics	Industr= y=20 Foundation=20 Classes

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